French Case on Law Governing Ownership of Paintings
On February 3rd, 2010, the French Cour de cassation delivered a judgment on choice of law in personal property matters. This is only the fourth time the Court has directly addressed the issue in the last hundred years.
In 2000, a French born painter living in New York city had provided the defendant with 7 of his paintings. The defendant put them on the walls of the restaurant he had just opened in New York. In 2005, the painter passed away. In 2006, the restaurant closed. The defendant then took the paintings to France to auction them.
In the summer 2007, the widow of the painter sought interim relief before a French court in order to attach the paintings before the sale. The attachment was first granted, but the auction house (Camard & associés) and the defendant applied to set aside the attachment. The French court ruled in their favour in December 2007. The widow appealed to the Paris court of appeal, which dismissed the appeal. She then appealed to the Cour de cassation.
The central issue was of course whether the defendant was the owner of the paintings. He could have been transfered the ownership of the paintings either in New York by a valid gift, or simply by being the possessor of the property if possession was enough to transfer ownership. Under French law, a person who holds moveable property, and thinks he is the actual owner of that property, becomes the owner of the property for that sole reason. He is, for the purpose of former art. 2279 of the French Civil Code, a “good faith possessor”, and this is enough in this respect.
The Cour de cassation confirmed its former precedents and held that French law alone governs issues of property for moveables situated in France.
la loi française est seule applicable aux droits réels dont sont l’objet des biens mobiliers situés en France
In this case, this meant that article 2279 had applied since the property had reached the French soil. The widow argued that, under American law, it was up to the beneficiary to show that he had received the paintings as a gift, and that mere possession would not transfer ownership to the holder of the property. The Cour de cassation replied that given that French law had applied since the goods had reached France, article 2279 was enough of a basis to rule that ownership had been transfered by now.
Sorry for my ignorance, but should not the Cour de cassation have made reference to conflict law rules such as the art. 4 of Rome Convention before reaching the conclusion that French Law should be applicable because it is the most closed connected law due to the absence in the choice of law of the donation, instead of asserting grounds of the paints’ phisical location in French soil?
The Rome Convention provides choice of law rules for contractual obligations. Here, the issue was one of property. The traditional rule is that the law of the place where the litigious property is situated governs issues of property.
Thanks Gilles for the prompt clearance and attention. But, although it is a traditional rule that the law of the place where the issue of property is in question governs, I wonder if there are no such positive rules in the French PIL legal system. At first, this case seem not to be of a international characteristic one if the only ground of the judicial decision is based on the French Civil Law provision.
Best Regards
Ramires Bourguignon Ferreira
Yokohama National University
Master Course – Private International Law Sciences
I am not sure to which positive rules you are referring to, but the rule which the Court applied in this case has been the law of France since it was first laid down by the Court in the 1930s. Therefore, any other rule you may think of is not the law of France.
The Court applied French substantive law because the relevant moveable was in France.