Liberalization of Enforcement of US Judgments in France
In a previous post, I had reported that the French supreme court for private matters (Cour de cassation) overruled last year a century old precedent limiting the enforcement of foreign judgments against French nationals. In Prieur, the Cour de cassation held that Article 15 of the Civil Code should not be construed anymore as giving exclusive jurisdiction to French courts to decide disputes involving French nationals. As a consequence, foreign judgments made against French nationals should be enforced in they meet the other liberal standards of the French law of judgments (as further liberalized by the Cour de cassation in Avianca).
On May 22, 2007, the Cour de cassation confirmed its Prieur decision by applying it to a US judgment. The Superior Court of Alameda County, California, had ordered French company Fontaine Pajot to pay damages to two US nationals. The French company resisted enforcement of the Californian judgment in France on the ground that they had not waived their “jurisdictional priviledge” (as Article 15 of the Civil code was sometimes known) to be tried by a French court. In other words, the French company was arguing that the foreign court lacked jurisdiction from the French perspective since one of the parties was French, and French courts had exclusive jurisdiction over disputes involving French nationals. The appeal is dimissed by the Cour de cassation on the ground that Article 15 only gives optional jurisdiction to French courts, and that it is now irrelevant to determine the jurisdiction of foreign courts, for the purpose of the enforcement of judgments in France.
Eventually, the Cour de cassation held that it was for the trial judges to determine whether there was a significant connection between the foreign court and the dispute, and thus jurisdiction of the foreign court.
For those of you who read French, I quote the important part of the decision (it is also available on legifrance.gouv.fr, but I have been unable to make a link to the decision):
Vu l’article 15 du Code civil; attendu que ce texte ne consacre qu’une compétence facultative de la juridiction francaise, impropre a exclure la compétence indirecte d’un tribunal étranger, des lors que le litige se rattache de maniere caractérisée a l’Etat dont la juridiction est saisie, et que le choix de la juridiction n’est pas frauduleux.
Two conclusions can be drawn from this case. First and most importantly, Prieur is confirmed. Second, denial of enforcement of US judgments will require the identification of a specific issue with the foreign judgment, such as a violation of French public policy for judgments awarding punitive damages. Finally, the new paradigm is doing fine when coping with decisions from jurisdictions where the judiciary is not notoriously corrupt, but a time will come when that will not be the case.
The link to Legifrance is http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=CASS&nod=CXCXAX2007X05X01X00204X073
You have to look for “Copier ou envoyer l’adresse de ce document” at the bottom of the page to get a static link. See http://www.precisement.org/blog/article.php3?id_article=75 to understand the structure of the URLs.
Also, it is easier for the reader to find the judgment if you give the pourvoi number(05-20473 in this case), because the Cour de cassation can give many judgments in a day .
You may wish to be aware of my case before the ECHR in which I argue that Article 15 of the Civil Code violates Art. 6-1 and article 14 of the ECHR. I filed the case in Strasbourg in 2004. In 2007 the Court ordered France to respond and state why Art. 15 does not violate the convention. France has now replied arguing that it does not violate the Convention, and I am presently drafting my reply brief which is due at the end of the month. In fact, that is how I found your site. The case is McDonald c. France, No. 18648/04.I also take some credit for the Prieur decision as I think it resulted from my case.
The Cour de Cassation has also ruled recently on Article 14 along the same lines as the Prieur decision. I don’t have the cite in front of me.
Mr Sokol,
thanks for this very interesting post.
May I ask whether you case is about the use of Article 15 as a head for jurisdiction of French courts, or as ground for denial of recognition for foreign judgments?