Flying to California to Bypass the French Ban on Surrogacy
You are a French couple and you cannot have a baby? One option is to fly to San Diego and to find a surrogate mother. Now, you should really want it, because 1) California is almost on the other side of the world, 2) it can get pretty warm out there, especially when half of the state is burning and 3) French authorities will give you a really hard time when you will come back.
The French press reports this week-end on how French authorities have been doing everything they could to prevent a French couple who resorted to a Californian surrogate mother from gaining recognition in France of their parental status. The Paris Court of appeal has just ruled in their favour, but I could not see the decision. The article of Liberation can be found here (in French).
Californian dream
Meet Dominique and Sylvie. In 1998, they learned that they could not have a baby, as Sylvie discovered she had no uterus. They did not want to adopt, but knew that surrogacy was legal in California (Liberation reports that they understood that it was even viewed with favor). They flew there, found a francophile surrogate mother, Mary. Eventually, two girls were born on October 25, 2000. Dominique and Sylvie say that their experience was great. Californian authorities delivered a birth certificate providing that they were the parents. Time to go back home.
Problems began on American soil. Dominique and Sylvie sought to establish a French passport for the children. At the French consulate, they were told that it would not be easy. Several comparable requests were on hold. A French officer told them off the record that the best was probably to get a U.S. passport. They got one easily, and “with big smiles” (i.e. the Americans were happy to deliver the passport).
Welcome back
But that was only the beginning. French consular authorities had liaised with French prosecutors. Upon arrival in France, the couple was investigated by the French police, who searched their home, their offices, even her doctor’s office. In 2001, they were charged with a variety of French criminal offences, including attempt to fraud civil registries (because they wanted to have the children registered in France as theirs, i.e. have the American birth certificate recognized in France) and facilitating the dealing of children between a parent willing to adopt and a parent willing to abandon his/her child. In 2004, a French investigating judge dismissed the charges on the ground that French criminal law did not apply to acts which took place abroad, in a jurisdiction where they were legal.
In the meantime, prosecutors had also initiated civil proceedings. The point was to set aside the transcription on the French registries of the parental relationship, and get a judicial declaration that Dominique and Sylvie were not the parents of the children. The Paris court of appeal has just dismissed the proceedings a few days ago. Although I could not read the decision, I understand that it rules that the children should be considered for all purposes as the daughters of the couple.
Recognition of foreign birth certificates
From the perspective of the conflict of laws, the case raises the very interesting issue of the recognition of foreign birth certificates. These are typically not judicial decisions, and I guess that Californian ones are not either. The issue is therefore whether to apply the law of foreign judgments to them, or at least similar rules. Under French law, the answer is clearly that you should apply similar rules. However, there are very few precedents, and French writers do not agree on the requirements that foreign public acts ought to meet to be recognized in France. Yet, most of them would agree on the three following propositions:
1) the foreign public act may not be reviewed on the merits,
2) however, it should not be contrary to public policy (i.e. its solution should not be shocking from a French perspective),
3) there should be no fraude à la loi (i.e. it should not have been obtained for the sole purpose of avoiding the application of French law).
In the present case, two arguments could be made against the recognition of the Californian certificate. First, even though the certificate was not to be reviewed on the merits, it could have been argued that it was contrary to French public policy. The issue here was how badly surrogacy is perceived in France. Is it only a remarkable foreign practice, or is it a practice which is repugnant to the French society? The story of Dominique and Sylvie made the front page of Liberation, with the following headline: Ca vient (“It is coming”). The French law prohibiting surrogacy dates back to 1994, but is meant to be revised in 2009, and it is Liberation‘s hope that the ban will end then (See the editorial here). It may be, then, that the French society has reached the point where, although it is not a legal practice yet, it is not anymore contrary to French public policy.
However, the second argument which could be made was much stronger. It seems that the French couple had indeed flown to San Diego for the sole purpose of avoiding the French ban. The practice remains illegal in France. Going abroad for no other reason than obtaining the application of another law is a fraude à la loi. It will be interesting to see how the court responded to that argument, if the argument was put forward at all.
Hello,
Interesting message. The Cour de Cassation held on various occassions that the adoption in France of children born as a result of a surrogacy agreement is not possible, because it violates French public policy (e.g. Dalloz 2007, 1251; 2005, 476; 2004, 1998; 2002, 2902; 1994, 581). It does not matter whether the child is born in France or abroad. The consequences of this case law are severe: the child remains almost an orphan.
With regard to the PIL issues, I have some doubt about the statement that the contents of birth certificates is recognised in France. This is certainly true in as far as it concerns the facts which are mentioned on the birth certificate, such as the fact that the woman mentioned on the record gave birth the child mentioned (art. 47 Code Civil). However, in as far as I am aware, it is not true with regard to the legal relations, such as the legal paternity of the man mentioned in the birth record (e.g. Callé, Validité et execution de l’acte authentique étranger, RCDIP 2005, 377, at 384). Whether the man mentioned on the birth record is the legal father of the child is determined according to the French conflict rules on parentage. I would say that the same applies to legal maternity. In case of surrogacy, the mention on the ‘mother’s’ name is a legal relation not a fact: it is evidence of her legal maternity, not of the fact that she gave birth to the child. The question who is the legal mother in case of surrogacy is determined by the lex causae. However, because of the case law cited above, I doubt whether French public policy allows for another woman to be the legal mother than the woman who gave birth to the child.
Thanks for you comment, Kees.
There is no doubt in my mind that what you state is the traditional French position. I am not sure, though, that the delineation between choice of law and recognition is really settled under French law, however clear it is in Pierre Callé’s mind.
Now, whatever the traditional position was, this new judgment does not comport with it. I could not read it, so it is unclear what it actually orders, but my understanding is that it allows the transcription of the parental status in France.
My point on public policy is that it changes over time (actualité de l’ordre public), and that the fact that Liberation advocates a change is evidence that it is indeed changing on this topic.
According to http://www.maitre-eolas.fr/2007/11/30/800-la-cour-d-appel-de-paris-a-t-elle-valide-une-gestation-pour-autrui , breach of “ordre public” is not enough to prevent the birth certificate from being recognized in France, because for the lawsuit by the public prosecutor to be admissible, it is *also* necessary that the statements of the certificate are untrue, which cannot be the case here, because these statements come from a judgment by the supreme court of California.
Moreover, if the judgment were not recognized in France, this could infringe article 3.1 of international convention on child’s rights, because the children would no longer have any birth certificate and would lose their French nationality.
http://www.davidtate.fr/spip.php?article1039
Sorry it’s in french, but here is the decision.
The french State seems to have misunderstood the “international public order”, which is evocated in the decision of the Appeal Court of Paris.
You can have further informations on Sylvie and Dominique’s website :
http://claradoc.gpa.free.fr