Matthias Rößler’s article “The Court of Jurisdiction for Joint Parties in International Patent Disputes” published in the International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law (IIC) Number 4, 2007, pp. 380-400, discusses a recently much debated issue related to the enforcement of international patent disputes against multiple defendants. The abstract of the article states:

The paper discusses the development – and decline? – of the so-called “Spider-in-the-Web” rulings relating to the simplified filing of lawsuits against several cooperating companies in proceedings for the infringement of respective national patents in Europe. It shows the efforts and arguments that have been used in order to be able to apply Art. 6(1) of Council Regulation No. 44/2001 in cross-border patent disputes, and explains how the much-awaited Roche decision of the European Court of Justice brought clarity to the issue, yet not a globally viable solution.

The article is accessible on-line via the Beck-Online site.

Here are some of the previous references to the related issues posted here previously: Court Limits Extraterritoriality of Federal Patent Law, U.S. Federal Courts and Foreign Patents: Recent Decisions Affecting the Global Harmonization of Patent Law, CLIP papers on Intellectual Property in Brussels I and Rome I Regulations, Last Issue of Revue Critique de Droit International Privé, Patent Litigation in the EU – German Case Note on “GAT” and “Roche”, Is Cross-Border Relief in European Patent Litigation at an End?, Jurisdiction over Defences and Connected Claims, Jurisdiction over European Patent Disputes, and the European Payment Procedure Order.

Richard D. Freer has posted “American and European Approaches to Personal Jurisdiction Based Upon Internet Activity” on SSRN. The abstract reads:

 The law of personal jurisdiction determines what states or countries may enter a binding judgment against a civil defendant. Without personal jurisdiction over the defendant, a court is powerless to act.

While principles of personal jurisdiction are well established in the United States and the European Union (EU), these principles were developed before the widespread use of the Internet, and neither the Supreme Court nor the European Court of Justice has spoken on how the established principles apply in the context of the Internet.

American law requires that a defendant engage in purposeful availment of the forum where she is sued, so a defendant is subject to suit only in a forum with which she has established purposeful ties. In contrast, the EU grants personal jurisdiction where the injury occurred, regardless of whether the defendant purposefully availed itself of that place.

The difference in approach will prove to be most important in cases involving relatively passive Web site use. So if a defendant posts something on a Web site in State A, which is accessible around the world, and a plaintiff is hurt in some way by that posting in State B, may the plaintiff sue the defendant in State B? EU law should provide a positive answer, because their focus is on accessibility and where the harm occurs. In the United States, lower courts have reached inconsistent results, mainly because of the Supreme Court’s failure to resolve an important jurisdiction question in a 1987 case involving the “stream of commerce.” The Web site case is the modern technological iteration of the stream of commerce which the Court failed to resolve in 1987.

The article is available to download, for free, from here.

William J. Woodward Jr has posted “Constraining Opt-Outs: Shielding Local Law and Those it Protects from Adhesive Choice of Law Clauses” on SSRN (originally published in the Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2006). Here’s the abstract:

Fifty years ago, the idea that parties could “choose” the law governing their contract was alien to the way most courts viewed their roles. Applicable law depended on complicated conflict of laws rules, administered by judges who would apply the law, not on party choice. Contemporary contracts, by contrast, nearly always specify the law that will govern them. Choice of law clauses reduce uncertainty, contribute to economic welfare and, in most instances, are no longer controversial. But when we move from negotiated contracts to adhesion and mass market contracts, choice of law clauses can become less than benign. A drafter will, of course, choose law that best suits its needs. But the law that best suits the drafter may well be less than ideal for the customer. Not surprisingly, recent cases reveal that mass market drafters often choose the law of a state that offers very limited protection for customers in their dealings with the drafter. Cases show, for example, that drafters choose the law of a state that recognizes adhesive class action waivers over the law of a state that does not. If such a choice of law provision is effective against customers whose law ordinarily protects them from such waivers, the drafter has effectively replaced the law their state crafted to protect its residents with the less-beneficial law the drafter chose. This, of course, raises policy questions and both courts and state legislatures have begun to address them. How can a state “protect” the law it has developed to benefit its residents without jeopardizing the commercial certainty that choice of law provisions provide? After providing an analytic framework for considering the complex issues raised by this amalgam of conflicts and contract law, we proceed to consider solutions both at the state and federal level.

Download the full article from here.

South African academics welcome the outcome of the decision of the Supreme Court of Appeal in Society of Lloyd’s v Price; Society of Lloyd’s v Lee 2006 5 SA 393 (SCA) (which may be downloaded from www.supremecourtofappeal.gov.za). See Forsyth “’Mind the gap’ part 2: The South African Supreme Court of Appeal and characterisation” 2006 Journal of Private International Law 425-431 and Neels “Tweevoudige leemte: Bevrydende verjaring en die internasionale privaatreg” 2007 Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg [TSAR] / Journal of South African Law 178-188.

The case dealt with the scenario that the limitation rules of the lex causae (English law) were of a procedural nature according to both the lex causae and the lex fori, the prescription rules of the lex fori being of a substantive nature (according to the lex fori). The court applied the rules of the lex causae. The court a quo, the Transvaal High Court, applied the rules of the lex fori: see Society of Lloyd’s v Price; Society of Lloyd’s v Lee 2005 3 SA 549 (T). In a similar case, the Cape High Court applied the lex causae: Society of Lloyd’s v Romahn 2006 4 SA 23 (C).

Forsyth welcomes the court’s adoption of Falconbridge’s via media characterisation technique but Neels is in favour of a simple rule that liberative prescription is a substantive issue governed by the lex causae, irrespective of how the lex causae classifies its own liberative prescription or limitation rules (including such characterisation in terms of the domestic lex causae and such classification in terms of the private international law of the lex causae).

The second issue for 2007 of the Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale (RDIPP, published by CEDAM, Padova), one of Italy’s leading journals in private international law, has been recently published. All the articles in this issue are in Italian, and unfortunately just an English translation of the titles is available, but no abstract. Here’s the list:

ARTICLES

• A. Malatesta (University of Castellanza “Carlo Cattaneo” – LIUC), The State of Origin Principle and Conflict of Law Provisions after Directive 2006/123/EC on Services in the Internal Market: Is the Game Over? (Principio dello Stato di origine e norme di conflitto dopo la direttiva 2006/123/CE sui servizi nel mercato interno: una partita finita?);
• A. Bonomi (University of Lausanne), Some Issues on the Desirability of Erga Omnes Community Rules on Jurisdiction and Possible Solutions (Sull’opportunità e le possibili modalità di una regolamentazione comunitaria della competenza giurisdizionale applicabile erga omnes).

COMMENTS

• V. Colandrea (University of Naples “Federico II”), A Recent Arbitral Order of the International Chamber of Commerce on Cautio Iudicatum Solvi (La cautio iudicatum solvi alla luce di una recente ordinanza arbitrale della Camera di commercio internazionale);
• S. Crespi (University of Milan), Cross-Border Mergers before the EC Court of Justice: the Sevic Case (Le fusioni transfrontaliere davanti alla Corte di giustizia: il caso Sevic).

The RDIPP is not available online (for subscription information, refer to the publisher’s website, CEDAM).

An archive of the TOCs since 1998 is available on the ESSPER website (an online project for indexing articles of Italian journals and working papers in law and other social sciences, headed by the library of LIUC University of Castellanza).

Jonathan Harris has written an article in the new issue of the Jersey and Guernsey law Review entitled “Comity overcomes statutory resistance: In the Matter of the B Trust” (J.G.L.R. 2007, 11(2), 184-201). The article:

Comments on the Jersey Royal Court judgment in Re B Trust on the application of the Trusts (Amendment No.4) (Jersey) Law 2006 Art.9 to determine the enforceability of an English court order varying a Jersey trust. Considers whether Art.9(4), limiting the enforcement of foreign judgments against Jersey trusts, had sufficient legal basis. Assesses whether the English order should be given effect on the basis of comity.

Available only to those with a subscription to the Journal.

Nikiforos Sifakis has written an article in the latest issue (Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2007) of the Journal of International Maritime Law (current issue’s contents not yet on the website) entitled, “Anti-Suit Injunctions in the European Union: A Necessary Mechanism in Resolving Jurisdictional Conflicts?” (J.I.M.L. 2007, 13(2), 100-111). A small abstract is available:

Discusses the use of anti-suit injunctions in the EU. Considers the categories of cases in which anti-suit injunctions are granted in the UK, including exclusive court jurisdiction clauses, arbitration agreements and no choice of forum cases. Reviews the attitude of the European Court of Justice to anti-suit injunctions. Examines the reasons for antipathy towards anti-suit injunctions in Europe. Comments on the US system of anti-suit injunctions. Proposes a reform of Council Regulation 44/2001.

There is also a short casenote on the US Supreme Court decision in Sinochem Int’l Co., Ltd. v. Malaysia International Shipping Corp by Dennis L. Bryant (J.I.M.L. 2007, 13(2), 89-90) in the same issue.

The full article and casenote are only available to those with a subscription to the J.I.M.L.

Russell J. Weintraub has written a fairly critical note on the House of Lords judgment in Harding v Wealands in the current issue (Spring 2007) of the Texas International Law Journal, entitled, “Choice of Law for Quantification of Damages: A Judgment of the House of Lords Makes a Bad Rule Worse” (42 Tex. Int’l L.J. 311). The (fairly long) introduction reads thus:

In discussing choice of law for determining damages for torts, it is necessary to distinguish between “heads” of damages and “quantification” of damages under those heads. Heads of damages list the items for which a court or jury may award damages–medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, punitive damages, and perhaps others. Quantification of damages measures the proper amount under each allowable head–how much for pain and suffering?

It is also necessary to focus on the meaning of “substantive” and “procedural” as those terms are used for choice of law. For “substantive” issues a court applies the forum’s choice-of-law rule to select the applicable law. “Procedural” in conflicts jargon is simply shorthand for saying that the forum’s rule applies.

“Procedural” is a term used in many contexts. It may refer to the rules that govern the workings of the forum’s courts–pleading, preserving objections for appeal, discovery. In the United States it may refer to a federal court’s freedom to apply a federal rule when the court has subject-matter jurisdiction because of the parties’ diversity of citizenship and is applying state, not federal, law to “substantive” issues. Or, as indicated above, a “procedural” issue might be one for which the forum court will not engage in its usual choice-of-law analysis, but will simply apply its own rule.

Justice Frankfurter said it as well as anyone: Matters of “substance” and matters of “procedure” are much talked about in the books as though they defined a great divide cutting across the whole domain of law. But, of course, “substance” and “procedure” are the same key-words to very different problems. Neither “substance” nor “procedure” represents the same invariants. Each implies different variables depending upon the particular problem for which it is used.

Therefore, in deciding when to apply the “procedural” label in the context of choice of law, the question is: what justifies a forum in insisting on applying its local rule when under the forum’s choice-of-law rule the law of another jurisdiction applies to all “substantive” issues? The proper standard is one that balances the difficulty of finding and applying the foreign rule against the likelihood that applying the forum’s rule will affect the result in a manner that will induce forum shopping. Pleading, serving process, preserving objections for appeal, and similar issues relating to the day-to-day operation of courts are properly labeled “procedural” for choice-of-law purposes. Flouting those rules will affect the outcome, but an attorney is not likely to choose one forum over another to take advantage of such housekeeping provisions. Discovery rules require more balancing. A forum that permits massive pre-trial discovery is likely to attract plaintiffs. U.S.-style discovery is one of the reasons that American forums are magnets for the aggrieved and injured of the world. Nevertheless, it would be unthinkable to require U.S. judges and lawyers to learn and apply foreign discovery rules. Discovery is properly labeled “procedural” for choice-of-law purposes.

What about damages? Heads of damages, the items that a court or jury may include in computing the amount awarded to the plaintiff, are universally regarded as substantive. If the forum’s choice-of-law rule for torts points to a Mexican state, that Mexican state’s law determines the heads of damages. Quantification of damages under these heads, however, is regarded as “procedural” and forum standards apply.

The standard rule treating quantification of damages as procedural makes no sense. Quantification is the bottom line–what all the huffing and puffing at trial is about. The American devotion to jury trials in civil cases and the tendency of American juries to award “fabulous damages” are the primary reasons that foreign plaintiffs attempt to litigate their cases in U.S. courts. I have opposed this silliness, but the windmills show little sign of weakening. The United States Supreme Court has indicated the direction to take. Gasperini v. Center for Humanities, Inc. held that federal courts exercising diversity jurisdiction must apply “the law that gives rise to the claim for relief” to determine whether a jury verdict awards excessive damages. Other U.S. courts have not taken this hint that quantification of damages is too important for a “procedural” label.

One bit of sanity that survives in this choice-of-law madness is that courts regard statutory limits on recovery as “substantive.” They apply these limits when their choice-of-law rules select the tort law of the jurisdiction where the statute is in force. In Harding v. Wealands, however, the House of Lords, construing the Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995, has rejected even this limit on the “procedural” label when quantifying damages.

Available on Westlaw.

The current issue (Spring 2007) of the American Journal of Comparative Law contains a couple of articles dealing with private international law issues. First, there is an article by Martin Davies on “Bypassing the Hague Evidence Convention: Private International Law Implications of the Use of Video and Audio Conferencing Technology in Transnational Litigation” (55 Am. J. Comp. L. 205). Here’s the abstract:

New technologies for video and audio conferencing have made it possible to take testimony or depositions directly from witnesses in remote locations. This article considers the private international law issues that arise when a witness in one country gives evidence directly via conferencing technology to a court in another. The probative force of evidence given remotely from another country is affected if there is no effective sanction for perjury or contempt by the witness, or if the witness claims a privilege that would not be available in the jurisdiction where the court sits. The Hague Evidence Convention makes no provision for such situations, which must therefore be resolved by national law. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of the relevant law in several common law countries and stresses the need for a uniform international solution. Unless the Hague Evidence Convention provides that solution, it will become superseded in practice, at least so far as the evidence of witnesses is concerned.

Secondly, Guangjian Tu has written an article on “The Hague Choice of Court Convention – A Chinese Perspective” (55 Am. J. Comp. L. 347). The blurb reads:

In 1992, upon the initiative of the United States, the Hague Conference on Private International Law began to negotiate a convention on jurisdiction and the recognition of judgments. The project suffered a series of setbacks and was eventually abandoned in favor of a less ambitious undertaking, a Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. This Convention was eventually concluded on June 30, 2005 at the Twentieth Diplomatic Session of the Hague Conference. While it is a “double convention” addressing both issues of jurisdiction and of judgment recognition, its scope is rather limited because it deals only with forum selection clauses and their consequences. It is now open for signature and ratification (or accession). Informal consultations have already taken place in several interested States. They will be followed by formal consultations with a view to the signature and ratification once the Explanatory Report is finalized. As a member of the Hague Conference, the People’s Republic of China has participated in the negotiations for this Convention. Will China sign and ratify it? This is an important question since China is now not only a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), its economy is also growing rapidly, comprising a market of over a billion people, and playing an increasingly important role in the world. As a result, Chinese and foreign businesses interact in an increasing number of cases and contexts.

This essay discusses the Hague Choice of Court Convention from the perspective of Chinese law to explore whether China can sign and ratify the Convention. It does not analyze its articles one by one but focuses only on the key issues. Part I explains the sources of Chinese law regarding international jurisdiction as well as recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. Part II will examine the key issues of the Convention in light of the pertinent domestic law of China, analyze how these key issues are dealt with, and, in particular, whether there are conflicts between the Convention and Chinese law and how any such conflicts can be resolved. Part III will conclude that the Convention is acceptable to China and that China should ratify it.

The Journal’s website doesn’t seem to be fully up-to-date, but both articles are available to Westlaw subscribers in the World Journals category.

The Rome II Regulation (see the dedicated section of our site) and the Regulation establishing a European Small Claims Procedure have been published in the Official Journal of the European Union n. L 199 of 31 July 2007. The official references are the following:

Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) (OJ n. L 199, p. 40 ff.): pursuant to its Articles 31 and 32, the Rome II Regulation will apply from 11 January 2009, to events giving rise to damage occurred after its entry into force (the twentieth day following its publication in the O.J., according to the general rules on the application in time of EC legislation).

Regulation (EC) No 861/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 establishing a European Small Claims Procedure (OJ n. L 199, p. 1 ff.). The text of the Regulation is accompanied by four annexes, containing the standard forms to be used by the parties and the court in the procedure, as follows:

• Annex I: Form A – Claim form, to be filled in by the claimant (see Art. 4(1) of the Reg.)
• Annex II: Form B – Request by the Court or Tribunal to complete and/or rectify the claim form (see Art. 4(4) of the Reg.);
• Annex III: Form C – Answer form, containing information and guidelines for the defendant (see Art. 5(2) and (3) of the Reg.);
• Annex IV: Form D – Certificate concerning a judgment in the European Small Claims Procedure (to be filled by the Court/Tribunal: see Art. 20(2) of the Reg.).

According to its Art. 29, the ESCP Regulation will enter into force today (1 August 2007, the day following its publication in the O.J.), and will apply from 1 January 2009.