I am grateful to XIAO Fang, Post-doctoral fellow and lecturer at Remnin University Law School, for contributing this report.

The Statute on the Application of Laws over Foreign-Related Civil Relations of the People’s Republic of China was adopted at the 17th Session of the Permanent Committee of the 11th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on October 28, 2010. It has been promulgated and shall come into force as of April 1, 2011. This is the P.R. China’s first statute on conflict rules.

The Statute comprises 52 articles which are divided into 8 chapters (general rules, civil subjects, succession, real rights, obligations, intellectual property, and supplementary provisions). It will be applied over the civil affairs with elements relating foreign countries and China’s special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao as well.

According to the legislators, during the process of drafting, the conflict law statutes of some countries, principally Germany, Switzerland and Japan, and the conventions of the Hague Conference of Private International Law and some Europe Union’s regulations have been referred to.

As most of Chinese civil and commercial statutes already include some conflict rules, for the areas that are not covered by this new statute, such as maritime law, civil aviation law and negotiable instrument law, the conflict rules in the related statutes should still be applied .

In the Chapter of General Rules, the Statute provides for the “application immédiate” of Chinese mandatory rules (Article 4), the defense of public policy against the application of foreign law (Article 5) and excludes renvoi in Chinese courts (Article 9). Pursuant to the new Statute, the limitation of action is governed by the law applicable to the civil relation (Article 7); characterization is governed by the lex fori (Article 8); the applicable foreign law should be ascertained by judges, while the parties should provide for the content of foreign law if they chose to apply it by agreement (Article 10).

During the process of drafting, the principle of most significant relationship has ever been stipulated as the principle of application of laws, like the provision of Article 1 of the 1978 Austrian Statute on Private International Law, which provided for: “The law applicable to foreign-related civil relation should have the most significant relationship with the relation.” Nevertheless, in the final draft of the Statute, the article was deleted, and it was provided for in Article 2(2) that the most significant relationship principle will be supplementally applied in absence of conflict rules in the Statute.

Party autonomy got significant development in the new Statute. Besides contracts and family law, its application was extended to torts and real rights: in the cases of real rights in movables (Articles 37, 38) and tort (Article 44), the parties may choose freely the applicable law.

The new Statute also attaches importance to the protection of weaker parties in international civil relations. In the cases of relations between children and parents (Article 25), maintenance (Article 29), Guardianship (Article 30), consumption contract (Article 42), and product liabilities (Article 45) and so on, the lex personalis i.e. law of the nationality or the habitual residence of the weaker parties or the law which is favorable to the protection of the interests of the weaker party should be applied.

In the case of the two men who had contracted with a woman living in California in a case of international surrogate motherhood, a Court of Appeal has recently issued its ruling, reversing in part the decision of the lower court (Court of Appeal of Liège, 1^st Chamber, ruling of 6 September 2010, docket No 2010/RQ/20).

As has been indicated, the lower court had denied any recognition to the birth certificates of the twin girls issued by the authorities in California. The lower court had based its reasoning primarily on the violation of the public policy exception, holding that the birth certificates were only the last step in a series of events which started with the surrogacy agreement. The court placed great weight on the fact that this agreement violated basic human dignity in that it put a price on the life of a child.

In appeal, the Court again reviewed the matter ab novo. It found that the first step in the analysis was to review whether the birth certificates could have been issued if the rules of Belgian private international law had been applied. This test is mandated by Article 27 of the Code of Private International Law, which requires that foreign acts, including acts concerning the civil and family status of individuals, comply with the requirements of the law(s) declared applicable by the Belgian rules of private international law. Since both men were Belgian nationals, the Court of Appeal first undertook to determine whether the birth certificates could have been issued applying Belgian law.

The Court proceeded first to review the situation of the parent who was the biological father of the twin girls. It found that under Belgian law, since the surrogate mother was not married, the father could have recognized the children and hence legally become their father. The situation was different for the other man who had ‘commissioned’ the children, as he was not biologically linked with the children. The Court found that under Belgian law, there was no possibility to establish a legal parentage between a child and two persons of the same sex, outside the specific situation of adoption by same sex couples.

Having found that at least one of the commissioning parents could have established his paternity over the children, had Belgian law been applied, the Court undertook to review the impact on this paternity of the very peculiar circumstances which surrounded the birth of the twin. Specifically the Court examined whether these circumstances, and in particular the existence of a contract between the mother and the commissioning parents, contract which had given rise to the payment of money, did not lead to a violation of public policy.

While it recognized that contracts which directly concern human beings and the human body were void under public policy principles, the Court noted that the public policy reservation called for a nuanced application. Among the principles which could be taken into consideration in the light of the public policy mechanism, the Court singled out the interest of the children, as protected both by international law instrument and the Belgian Constitution. According to the Court, this interest would be unreasonably curtailed if the children, who resided in Belgium, were deprived of any legal link with their biological father, while at the same time they could not legally be considered the children of the mother who had carried and delivered them. The same could not be said, however, according to the Court, for the legal link between the twin sisters and the other man.

Accordingly, the Court only partially granted the relief sought by the two men. It decided to recognize and give effects to the birth certificates issued in California in so far as they form the basis for the legal link between the sisters and their biological father.

While this ruling may not be the last word in this case, it is quite likely that the other parent will now seek to adopt the children.

Editors’ note: Patrick Wautelet is a professor of law at Liege University.

As we pointed out in a previous post, a very rich collection of essays in honor of Prof. Kurt Siehr on his 75th birthday has been recently published by Eleven International Publishing and Schulthess, under the editorship of Katharina Boele-Woelki, Talia Einhorn, Daniel Girsberger and Symeon Symeonides: Convergence and Divergence in Private International Law – Liber Amicorum Kurt Siehr. A previous Festschrift was dedicated to Prof. Siehr in 2000: “Private Law in the International Arena – From National Conflict Rules Towards Harmonization and Unification: Liber amicorum Kurt Siehr” (see Google Books).

Here’s the table of contents:

Part I: General Aspects of PIL Law-Making.

• Talia Einhorn, American vs. European Private International Law – The Case for a Model Conflict of Laws Act (MCLA);
• Peter Hay, Comparative and International Law in the United States – Mixed Signals;
• Herbert Kronke, Connecting Factors and Internationality in Conflict of Laws and Transnational Commercial Law;
• Jim Nafziger, Democratic Values in the Choice-of-Law Process;
• Anton K. Schnyder, Keine Berührungsangst des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichts im Umgang mit Eingriffsnormen;
• Frank Vischer, ‘Revolutionary ideas’ and the Swiss Statute on Private International Law;
• Jun Yokoyama, Renvoi in Japanese Private International Law.

Part II: Family Relations and Succession.

• Katharina Boele-Woelki  & Maarit Jantära-Jareborg, Protecting Children Against Detrimental Family Environments under the 1996 Hague Convention and the Brussels II bis Regulation;
• Andrea Bonomi, Choice-of-law Aspects of the Future EC Regulation in Matters of Succession – A First Glance at the Commission’s Proposal;
• Alegria Borras, The Necessary Flexibility in the Application of the New Instruments on Maintenance;
• William Duncan, Hague Conference Future Developments in International Family Law with Special Emphasis on Cross-border Child Protection: A View from The Hague;
• Eric Jayme, Der deutsche Nachlaßrichter und die amerikanische „tracing rule“ im Internationalen Ehegüterrecht – Eine Problemskizze;
• Peter Kindler, From Nationality to Habitual Residence: Some Brief Remarks on the Future EU Regulation on International Successions and Wills;
• Patrick Kinsch, Luxembourg Recognition in the Forum of a Status Acquired Abroad – Private International Law Rules and European Human Rights Law;
• Christian Kohler, Germany Elliptiques variations sur un thème connue: compétence judiciaire, conflits de lois et reconnaissance de décisions en matière alimentaire d’après le règlement (CE) n° 4/2009 du Conseil;
• Rong-chwan Chen, Conflict of Laws of Divorce: Judicial Practice and Legislative Development of Taiwan;
• Heinz-Peter Mansel, The Impact of the European Union’s Prohibition of Discrimination and the Right of Free Movement of Persons on the Private International Law Rules of Member States – With comments on the Sayn-Wittgenstein case before the European Court of Justice;
• Gustaf Moller, On the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and its application by the Supreme Court of Finland;
• Jan Neels, South Africa External Public Policy, the Incidental Question Properly So-called and the Recognition of Foreign Divorce Orders;
• Teun Struycken, The Netherlands Surrogacy, a New Way to Become a Mother? A New PIL Issue.

Part III: Contractual and Non-Contractual Obligations.

• Michael Bogdan, Some Reflections on Contracts and Torts in Cyberspace in view of Regulations Rome I and Rome II;
• Andreas Furrer, Cross-border Multimodal Transport – Problems and Limits of Finding an Appropriate Legal Regime;
• Ulrich Magnus, UN-Kaufrecht und Verbraucher;
• Peter Mankowski, The Principle of Characteristic Performance Revisited Yet Again;
• Robin Morse, Contracts of Carriage and the Conflict of Laws;
• Monika Pauknerova, Presumptions, Escape Clauses and International Carriage of Goods Contracts;
• Oliver Remien, Tourism, Conflict of Laws and the Rome I Regulation;
• Symeon Symeonides, Party Autonomy in Rome I and II from a Comparative Perspective; [see our dedicated post here]
• Lajos Vekas, Hungary Questions of Contract Law in the New Hungarian Civil Code.

Part IV: International Litigation and Arbitration.

• Paul R. Beaumont & Burcu Yüksel, The Validity of Choice of Court Agreements under the Brussels I Regulation and the Hague Choice of Court Agreements Convention;
• George Bermann, USA Parallel Litigation: Is Convergence Possible?;
• Dagmar Coester-Waltjen, Einige Überlegungen zu Schiedsgerichtsvereinbarungen und ihrer Wirksamkeit;
• Giuditta Cordero-Moss, Legal Capacity, Arbitration and Private International Law;
• Harry Duintjer Tebbens, New Impulses for the Ascertainment of Foreign Law in Civil Proceedings: A question of (inter)networking?;
• Marc Fallon & Dimitrios-Panagiotis Tzakas, Res Judicata Effects of Foreign Class Action Rulings in the EU Member States;
• Celia Fassberg-Wasserstein, Israeli Foreign Judgments Law: A Case for Codification?;
• Manlio Frigo, The Linguistic Factor in the Circulation of Arbitral Awards and Some of its Pitfalls;
• Helene Gaudemet-Tallon, La clause attributive de juridiction, un moyen d’échapper aux lois de police?;
• Daniel Girsberger, The Effects of Assignment on Arbitration Agreements – Why Conflict-of-Laws Theory is Still Needed;
• Tibor Varady, Observation of Group Affiliation (or: Cohabitation with the Impossible) in International Commercial Arbitration;
• Spyridon Vrellis, The Validity of a Choice of Court Agreement Under the Hague Convention of 2005.

Part V: Cultural Property.

• Johan Erauw, Conflict of Laws with Folgerecht (‘droit de suite’) on the Sale of Works of Art in and out of Europe – after the EC-Directive No. 2001/84;
• John Henry Merryman, The van Meegeren Problem;
• Gerte Reichelt, Versunkene Welten Rechtlicher Schutz des archäologischen Unterwasserkulturerbes;
• Marc-André Renold, The International Scope of Application of the Swiss Rules on the Due Diligence of Dealers in Cultural Property.

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Title: Convergence and Divergence in Private International Law – Liber Amicorum Kurt Siehr, edited by Katharina Boele-Woelki, Talia Einhorn, Daniel Girsberger, Symeon Symeonides; Eleven International Publishing – Schulthess,  The Hague – Zürich, 2010, 918 pages.

ISBN : 978-90-77596-93-7 (Eleven); 978-3-7255-6165-0 (Schulthess).

The sixth edition of Bernard Audit‘s leading treaty on French private international law was just released.

This new edition is co-authored by Louis d’Avout, who is a professor of law at the University of Lyon III.

More details can be found here.

The organisers of the conference are delighted that many people have already submitted their abstracts for the next Journal of Private International Law Conference in Milan in April 2011 but more abstracts are still very welcome. You are politely reminded that you have until the end of Sunday 31 October 2010 to email your abstract if you would like to be considered as a speaker at the conference. Please make it clear whether you are willing for your abstract to be considered for the ‘early career’ parallel sessions of the Conference. Further details on the conference are available here.

In yet another, but not the final, step in the very long-running litigation between KAC, IAC and the Republic of Iraq, the Supreme Court of Canada has held that the enforcement in Quebec of a 2008 judgment of the English Commercial Court ordering Iraq to pay CAD$84 million to KAC is not barred by soveriegn immunity (decision here).

Many on this list will be familar with the facts.  After the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, KAC sued IAC in England for conversion of several airplanes.  As part of that litigation, KAC was able to claim against Iraq for the costs of the actions that had been brought.  This claim flowed from Iraq’s having controlled and funded IAC’s defence, and it was not barred by sovereign immunity in England because it fell within the commercial activity exception.  Iraq did not defend this claim and default judgment was granted.

KAC discovered immovable property owned by Iraq in Quebec and also some undelivered airplanes Iraq was buying from Bombardier Aerospace.  It thus brought proceedings in Quebec to enforce the English judgment.  Two lower courts held the claim was barred by sovereign immunity but the Supreme Court of Canada found that it fell within the commercial activity exception.

The court applied the State Immunity Act, RSC 1985, c S-18 and held that it applied to proceedings to enforce a foreign judgment (paras. 19-20).  The English decision, which addressed the issue of sovereign immunity, was not binding in Canada and was not res judicata (since to be so it would first have to be recognized in Canada, which was the very issue before the court) (para. 22).  The application of the commercial activity exception to the facts is somewhat brief (para. 35), though there is some useful discussion of the scope of the exception in the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada (paras. 25-33).

Two other points of interest: 1. the court does not wade into the issue of whether there are any exceptions to sovereign immunity beyond those set out in the statute (para. 24), and 2. the court accepts the factual findings of the English decision as part of its analysis, prior to concluding that the decision is enforceable in Canada (para. 34).  This latter point seems somewhat hard to explain, and the court does not offer much explanation.

The Supreme Court of Canada did not determine if the English judgment is enforceable in Quebec – it only dealt with the sovereign immunity issue.  The case was therefore remanded to the court of first instance to hear the claim for enforcement.  Iraq likely has some further arguments to advance, such as that the Quebec court lacks jurisdiction over it and that the English default judgment is not entitled to recognition and enforcement (for example, due to the lack of a real and substantial connection between England and the claim advanced against Iraq).

At the recent 40th Annual Workshop on Commercial and Consumer Law at the University of Toronto, three leading Canadian conflict of laws scholars – Vaughan Black of the Schulich School of Law, Joost Blom of the University of British Columbia and Janet Walker of Osgoode Hall Law School – presented a paper looking back at the last forty years in private international law and offering thoughts on what lies ahead.  Each author picked out a particular theme: a judicial trend toward uniformity between provincial conflicts rules, the impact of Morguard on the structure of conflicts rules, and how the profile of the field has changed over time.  The paper is not currently available on the web but will be published in an upcoming issue of the Canadian Business Law Journal.

The paper was supplemented at the Workshop by Genevieve Saumier of McGill University’s oral comments on trends in Quebec’s private international law.  The session was chaired by Elizabeth Edinger of the University of British Columbia.

Dean Symeon Symeonides has posted Party Autonomy in Rome I and II from a Comparative Perspective on SSRN. The abstract reads:

 This essay discusses the modalities and limitations of party autonomy under the Rome I Regulation on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (and secondarily Rome II) on the one hand, and the Second Conflicts Restatement, on the other hand. The comparison reveals the differences between the legal cultures from which these documents originate and which they are designed to serve.

The Restatement opts for under-regulation, reflecting a typically American skepticism toward a priori rules and a high degree of confidence in the courts’ ability to develop appropriate solutions on a case-by-case basis. That confidence finds its justification in the fact that American state and federal judges share the same legal training and tradition and have long experience in working with malleable “approaches”. The drafters had hoped – but could not mandate – that, over time, judges would develop similar solutions and thus eventually provide a modicum of consistency and predictability. Four decades later, the extent to which that hope has materialized remains debatable.

In contrast, Rome I reflects the rich continental experience in crafting a priori rules and a reluctance to entrust courts with too much discretion. This reluctance finds additional justification in the fact that Rome I is designed to serve a plurilegal and multiethnic Union, one that brings together uneven legal traditions. As a result, Rome I consists of many detailed black-letter rules, subject to few narrow escapes according little judicial flexibility, and aims at greater consistency and predictability.

At the same time, the drafters of Rome I deserve praise for having the political courage and legal acumen to devise a series of specific rules explicitly designed to protect consumers, employees, passengers, and insureds. As the discussion in this essay illustrates, however, these rules work quite well in the case of consumers and employees, but not so well in the case of passengers, insureds, and other presumptively weak parties, such as franchisees. Even so, one might well conclude that it is preferable to have rules protecting weak parties in most cases (even if those rules do not work well in some cases), rather than not having any such rules, as is the case with the Restatement and American conflicts law in general.

The paper is forthcoming in Convergence and Divergence in Private International Law – Liber Amicorum Kurt Siehr (2010).

The British Institute of International and Comparative Law will host a Conference on Extraterritoriality and Collective Redress on November 15th in London.

This event will provide a forum for the debate of latest developments in the area of international mass litigation.
The question of extraterritoriality of national legislation has been extensively discussed by the US Supreme Court in the Morrison case. The US position post Morrison shall be highlighted in comparison with the recent Dutch legislation on collective settlements. The speakers will comment on mass litigation phenomena from a global and a European position. A focus will also lie on the UK viewpoint regarding collective redress. Furthermore, the Brussels I framework and its suitability for cross-border collective claims will be covered as well as problems relating to the recognition of US class actions and of punitive damage judgments. Various experts from the US, UK, the Netherlands and other European countries will meet to discuss the status quo and the way forward from their different perspectives.

Speakers will include:
Professor Diego Corapi, University Rome I – La Sapienza
Thomas A Dubbs, Labaton Sucharow
Dr Duncan Fairgrieve, Director Product Liability Forum, BIICL
Professor Burkhard Hess, University of Heidelberg
Adam Johnson, Partner, Herbert Smith, London
Dr Eva Lein, Herbert Smith Senior Research Fellow, BIICL
Dr Hélène van Lith, University of Rotterdam
Gerard Mc Dermott QC, Outer Temple Chambers
Professor Rachael Mulheron, QM University of London
Dr Francesco Quarta, University of Salento
Pierre Servan-Schreiber, Skadden Arps, Paris.
Professor Linda Silberman, Martin Lipton Professor of Law, NYU
Jonathan Sinclair, Stewarts Law
Vincent Smith, Visiting Fellow, BIICL
John Sorabji, Legal Secretary to the Master of the Rolls
Professor Ianika Tzankova, NautaDutilh; Tilburg University

The event will be held at Herbert Smith London Office, from 2 pm to 6:45 pm, and will be followed by a reception.

More details can be found here.

The second issue for 2010 of the Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional, the Spanish journal published twice a year by the Área de Derecho Internacional Privado of Univ. Carlos III of Madrid under the editorship of Alfonso Luis Calvo-Caravaca (Univ. Carlos III) and Javier Carrascosa-González (Univ. of Murcia), has been recently published. It contains twenty articles, shorter articles and casenotes, encompassing a wide range of topics in conflict of laws, conflict of jurisdictions and uniform law, all freely available for download from the journal’s website.

Here’s the table of contents (each contribution is accompanied by an abstract in English):

Estudios

• José María Alcántara, Frazer Hunt, Svante O. Johansson, Barry Oland, Kay Pysden, Jan Ramberg, Douglas G. Schmitt, William Tetley C.M., Q. C., Julio Vidal, Particular concerns with regard to the Rotterdam Rules;
• Giacomo Biagioni, Tecniche internazionalprivatistiche fondate sulla volontà delle parti nel Diritto dell’Unione Europea;
• Alfonso-Luis Calvo Caravaca, Celia Caamiña Domínguez, L’incorporation au régime juridique espagnol de la normative communautaire de restitution de biens culturels;
• Federico F. Garau Sobrino, Los acuerdos atributivos de jurisdicción en Derecho Procesal Civil Internacional español;
• Miguel Gómez Jene, Concurso y arbitraje internacional;
• Carlos Llorente Gómez de Segua, Las Reglas de Rotterdam (II);
• Olivia Lopes Pegna, La proposta di cooperazione rafforzata sulla legge applicabile a separazione e divorzio: profili problematici;
• Agustín Luna Serrano, Hacia el abandono de la mención de la causa en la conformación definitoria del contrato;
• Maria João Matias Fernandez, O Direito aplicável aos negócios relativos a instrumentos financeiros: a disciplina introduzida pelo novo Regulamento comunitário sobre a lei aplicável às obrigações contratuais («Roma I»);
• Juan Jorge Piernas López, The notion of State aid and regulation in the EU: drawing the shape of a moving target;
• María José Santos Morón, Forma contractual y “desarmonización” comunitaria.

Varia

• Celia Caamiña Domínguez, Las resoluciones de restitución de menores en la Unión Europea: el caso Rinau;
• Alfonso-Luis Calvo Caravaca, Javier Carrascosa González, Notas breves sobre la Sentencia del TJUE (Sala Cuarta) de 20 mayo 2010 (Bilas: asunto C-111/09): la sumisión tácita en los litigios internacionales de seguro, consumo y trabajo;
• Cristina Campiglio, Il foro della residenza abituale del coniuge nel Regolamento (CE) N° 2201/2003: note a margine delle prime pronunce italiane;
• Antonia Durán Ayango, El concepto de orden público internacional y el derecho a un proceso justo. Nota a la STJCE de 2 de abril de 2009;
• Antonia Durán Ayango, El concepto de parte en el proceso de exequátur. Nota a la STJCE de 23 de abril de 2009;
• Pilar Juárez Pérez, Dieciocho años de ciudadanía de la Unión: ¿hacia una figura emancipada?;
• Pilar Maestre Casas, Doble nacionalidad y forum patriae en divorcios internacionales;
• Giulia Rossolillo, Convenzioni concluse dagli Stati Membri e Diritto processuale civile internazionale dell’Unione Europea: interpretazione conforme o rispetto degli obblighi internazionali?;
• Julia Suderow, Cuestiones de jurisdicción internacional en torno a la aplicación privada del Derecho antitrust: forum shopping y “demandas torpedo”.

See also our previous posts on issues 1/2009 and 2/2009 of the CDT. The journal’s website provides a very useful search function, by which contents can be browsed by issue of publication, author, title, keywords, abstract and fulltext.

(Many thanks to Pietro Franzina, University of Ferrara, for the tip-off)